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Issue 1, Volume 4,
January 2008
Title of the Paper: The Combined
Effects of Salts and Calcium on Growth and Mineral Accumulation of
Tetragonia tetragonioides – A Salt Removing Species
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Authors: M. A. Neves, M. G. Miguel, C.
Marques, T. Panagopoulos, J. Beltrao
Abstract: High soil salinity levels have drastic effects on the growth and
yield of horticultural crops. Salination may be controlled by environmentally
safe and clean techniques as the use of salt removing species. Tetragonia
tetragonioides, a wild halophytic species has been studied for this purpose.
It was studied the effect of high salt concentrations on growth and mineral
composition and the influence of high calcium concentration on plant
response. Plants were grown in 5 litters in randomized pots and were daily
irrigated. The NaCl concentration of the irrigation solution ranged from 0 up
to 200 mM.
Additionally, the irrigation solution provided plants with two calcium
concentrations: 2 and 10 mM
of CaCl2. T. tetragonioides present high ability for sodium and chloride leaf
accumulation. Besides that, the species provide more advantages: 1) high
biomass production potential; 2) several harvests during the year (summer and
winter); 3) high content of minerals; 4) horticultural importance, as a leaf
vegetable crop; 6) easy multiplication (seed propagation) and easy crop
management; 7) tolerance to drought and warm conditions; 8) soil erosion
control due to its excellent soil covering. The obtained results suggest that
plants supplemented with the high calcium level had longer stems than plants
in the low calcium level, accumulated greater amounts of calcium at high
salinity levels and present similar leaves dry matter.
Keywords: Salination
process; Salt tolerance; Salt removal; Calcium; Soil reclamation; Drought.
Title of the Paper: Renewable Energy
Sources in Combined Systems - On-line System for Measuring and Collecting Data
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Authors: Mastny Petr, Matousek Antonin,
Machacek Jan
Abstract: Research on the Department of Electrical Power Engineering FEEC,
Brno University of Technology is among other things focused on the
utilization of alternative power sources. The present situation within the
field of power engineering positively encourages the research development of
alternative power sources. Great attention is paid to incresing the
efficiency and effectivity of power system operation. The paper presents
results of the research in the field of alternative power sources
utilization. It mainly points the possibilities of increasing the efficiency
of alternative power sources operation by its mutual cooperation. Aspects of
the cooperation are evaluated mainly from the energy point of view but the
economic parameters of these systems are pointed as well. The paper also
presents results of longterm measuring on active solar system connected into
one unit together with a heat pump- the system has been installed in the
university laboratories. The parameters of the measuring system that has been
installed in the laboratories of the Department of Power Engineering are
described as well. The research prooved that new approach to the cooperation
of heat pump and solar system working in common power unit results in higher heating
factor of a heat pump and high efficiency of a solar system which finally
decreases prime energy demand. The conclusions presented in this paper
started up thanks to the Grant
Agency of the Czech
Republic and the Ministry of
Education of the Czech
Republic.
Keywords: solar system,
combined heating system, heating factor, measuring system, heat pump,
environment
Title of the Paper: Sustainable
Development Strategy and Product Responsibility
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Authors: Mastny Petr, Matousek Antonin,
Machacek Jan
Abstract: Research on the Department of Electrical Power Engineering FEEC,
Brno University of Technology is among other things focused on the
utilization of alternative power sources. The present situation within the
field of power engineering positively encourages the research development of
alternative power sources. Great attention is paid to incresing the
efficiency and effectivity of power system operation. The paper presents
results of the research in the field of alternative power sources
utilization. It mainly points the possibilities of increasing the efficiency
of alternative power sources operation by its mutual cooperation. Aspects of
the cooperation are evaluated mainly from the energy point of view but the
economic parameters of these systems are pointed as well. The paper also
presents results of longterm measuring on active solar system connected into
one unit together with a heat pump- the system has been installed in the
university laboratories. The parameters of the measuring system that has been
installed in the laboratories of the Department of Power Engineering are
described as well. The research prooved that new approach to the cooperation
of heat pump and solar system working in common power unit results in higher
heating factor of a heat pump and high efficiency of a solar system which
finally decreases prime energy demand. The conclusions presented in this
paper started up thanks to the Grant
Agency of the
Czech
Republic and the Ministry of
Education of the Czech
Republic.
Keywords: solar system,
combined heating system, heating factor, measuring system, heat pump,
environment
Title of the Paper: Variation
in Air Pollution Tolerance Index of Plants Near a Steel Factory: Implications
for Landscape-Plant Species Selection for Industrial Areas
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Authors: Yan-Ju Liu, Hui Ding
Abstract: Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) is used by landscapers to
select plant species tolerant to air pollution. Four physiological and
biochemical parameters including leaf relative water content (RWC), ascorbic
acid (AA) content, total leaf chlorophyll (TCh), and leaf extract pH were
used to develop an APTI. Twenty-three plant species growing near a
Beijing steel factory,
an air pollution point source, were collected during five dates from July 1
to October 16, 2001. Our data suggested that combining a variety of
physiological parameters could give a more reliable result than those air
pollution tolerance classifications based on a single biochemical parameter.
Through the growing season, some species exhibited APTI variation related to
changes in air temperature and water status of the plant. The results
highlighted the need for APTI measurements to be conducted throughout the
growing season, when evaluating pollution tolerance of individual species.
Plant species tolerant or moderately tolerant to air pollution under a
variety of environmental conditions include non-trees (shrub, herb, vine)
such as Metaplexis japonica, Ampelopsis aconitifolia var. glabra, Rhamnus
parvifolia, Ziziphus jujuba var. spinosa, Pharbitis purpurea, Vitex negundo,
and trees including Broussonetia papyrifera, Robinia pseudoacacia, and
Ailanthus altissima. The APTI of species indicated as an ideal candidate for
landscape planting in the vicinity of polluting industry.
Keywords: Air pollution
tolerance index; APTI; Leaf-extract pH; Leaf total chlorophyll; Ascorbic
acid; Leaf relative water content
Title of the Paper: Installation of
Wind Power into a Weak Power System Considering System Fluctuation and
Limitation
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Authors: Jeff Huang,
Zulati Litifu, Ken Nagasaka
Abstract: This paper presents the methodology to estimate stable and dynamic
operational characteristics of Wind Power Turbines (WPT) in a targeted weak
power system under defined local wind condition; and from this to establish
the efficient installation process in planning wind power system. In this
research, operational characteristics of WPT under regular and irregular wind
speeds are considered and verified against power system operational
particularities; the losses of power system reactive power and grid voltage
drop are calculated to estimate the degree of stability of the local power
system; impact current resulting from when WPT connects with the power system
and its use for verifying the stiff condition of connecting grid. Electric
particularities under the short circuit condition of WPT and weak power
system are simulated so that to satisfy power system demand after the WPT is
installed, and the maximum capacity of wind power generation that can be
safely introduced into the targeted local power system is determined by
considering the fluctuation range of grid voltage. This paper provides a
synthetic way to judge the operational characteristics of WPT when installed
into a weak power system; and could be applied to the existing weak power
system in the rural region. This will demonstrate the value of WPT in a
practical application.
Keywords: WPT, Weak Power
System, Operational Process, Electric Fluctuation, Wind Power Limitation
Title of the Paper: Air Quality
Modelling by Kohonen’s Self-organizing Feature Maps and LVQ Neural Networks
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Authors: Petr Hajek, Vladimír Olej
Abstract: The paper presents a design of parameters for air quality modelling
and the classification of districts into classes according to their
pollution. Further, it presents a model design, data pre-processing, the
designs of various structures of Kohonen’s Self-organizing Feature Maps
(unsupervised methods), the clustering by K-means algorithm and the
classification by Learning Vector Quantization neural networks (supervised
methods). Therefore, the model generates well-separated clusters and has good
generalization ability as well.
Keywords: Air quality,
modelling, Kohonen’s self-organizing feature maps, K-means algorithm,
Learning Vector Quantization neural networks, classification.
Title of the Paper: Estimation of Flow
Rates in Naturally Ventilated Buildings Using Simplified Method
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Authors: Zahari Ibrahim, Kamaruzzaman
Sopian, Azami Zaharim, M. A. Ghoul, Baharudin Ali
Abstract: A simplified design method has been derived for use in the
estimation of the flow rates in naturally ventilated buildings. The method is
based on a one-dimensional "loop analysis" in which the buoyancy
forces are balanced by the pressure drops to due friction. Multiple zones,
multiple floor buildings are catered for with each zone characterised by its
internal gains and its discharge coefficients. Wind effects at the entrance
and exits are also taken into account. The procedure yields the zone mass
flow rates and temperatures directly by the solution of a simple cubic
equation for each loop. Interaction between loops requires a few iterations.
The procedure is straight forward and simple enough to be put on a
Spreadsheet. This methodology allows the architect to explore various
building configurations at little expense and hence to focus on those designs
which warrant further detailed analysis using a full building simulation
package. In this paper, the fundamental theory behind the loop analysis is
described together with the first results at its validation using an
emulation of the simple single stack PV cladding arrangement.
Keywords: loop analysis,
natural ventilation, multiple zone, single stack PV cladding.
Title of the Paper: Steady State
Modeling of Isolated Induction Generators
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Authors: K. S. Sandhu
Abstract: Isolated induction generators usually called self-excited induction
generators seem to be most suitable machines for wind energy conversion in
remote and windy areas. Estimation of steady state performances for such
machines is must to encounter the problems, which may appear under real
operating conditions. In this paper, a new and simple modeling approach,
including a unique equivalent developed by the author, is adopted to analyze
the steady state performance of a self-excited induction generator (SEIG).
The study reveals that the performance of self-excited induction generator is
greatly influenced by the operating speed and excitation capacitance. This
gives an opportunity for proper handling of these parameters to obtain the
required performance characteristics. Constant frequency and iterative models
have been proposed for the analysis and control of SEIG. Simulated results as
obtained have been compared with experimental results on a test machine and
found to be in close agreement. In order to neutralize the effect of speed
variations, modeling is extended to achieve rotor resistance control in case
of wound rotor induction generator.
Keywords: Isolated
Induction Generator, Renewable Generation, Steady State Analysis, Self-
Excited Induction Generator, Wind Energy Generation.
Title of the Paper: Preliminary Thermal
and Mineral Water Survey of Nisyros Volcano, Aegean Sea:
A Study Targeted Towards Sustainable Development
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Authors: Zouzias Dimitrios, St. Seymour
Karen
Abstract: Nisyros represents the ideal candidate of a Mediterranean volcano
for a pilot study on sustainable development. Nisyros was a renown
Loutropolis in the past for its baths used for medicinal purposes. In this
work, we present a preliminary survey of the thermal and mineral waters of
the island. We present chemical data revealing seawater and geothermal water
mixing processes. The aim of this work is to evaluate the water character and
include thermal and mineral waters of Nisyros volcano in the sustainable
development plan proposed for the establishment of Nisyros to the status of a
National Park and as an attraction pole for “alternative tourism”. However,
the use that agrees with the promotion of the volcano to a
Natural Park
with the consensus of the permanent inhabitants, is their use for baths and
in Spa centers. This target will redirect economy towards “alternative
tourism” and restore Nisyros to its ancient status of a renown Loutropolis.
Keywords: Thermal-mineral
waters, hydrochemistry, Spa, Nisyros, tourism, sustainable development.
Issue 2, Volume 4,
February 2008
Title of the Paper: Application of
Wavelet Transform on Airborne Suspended Particulate Matter and Meteorological
Temporal Variations
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Authors: Mokhtar Shaharuddin, Azami
Zaharim,Mohd. Jailani Mohd. Nor, Othman A. Karim, Kamaruzzaman Sopian
Abstract: Malaysia
has experienced several haze periods since early 1980s in which suspended
particulate matter (SPM) was the major components. The temporal variations
observed are the result of interactions of various meteorological variables
and pollutants emissions in different time scale. In order to study the
relationship between particulate matter, temperature, rainfall and wind
speed, non-decimated wavelet transform is applied to the time series. The low
frequency components of the meteorological time series showed significant
relationship with PM10 while the high frequency spectrums showed no
significant relationship with PM10. The findings also support the suggestion
that during the dry season, one of the major sources of particulates was from
outside the country.
Keywords: PM10, Wavelet,
Rainfall, Temperature, Wind speed, Non-decimated wavelet transform.
Title of the Paper: Processes
Innovation and Sustainable Development
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Authors: Davorin Kralj,
Mirko Markic
Abstract: The Government of the Republic
of Slovenia adopted Slovenia's National Strategy (hereinafter
SNS), which sets out the vision and objectives of Slovenia's development in June
2005. Therefore, the Strategy does not focus solely on economic issues but
also involves social, environmental, political, legal and cultural issues. Slovenia
prepared its input to the first progress report of the European Commission on
the implementation of the Renewed EU Sustainable Development Strategy. The
article focuses on Sustainable Development as a tool for environment
protection and processes innovation. Integrated environmental management
integrates the requirements of sustainable development and environmental
legislation; the EC eco-audit regulation; Sustainable development as a tool
to continual improvement cycle and with processes innovation the need to save
money in the processes via reduced resources and utility costs.
Keywords: innovation,
environment, management, processes, sustainable development strategy
Title of the Paper: Sustainable
Development Strategy and Product Responsibility
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Authors: Davorin Kralj, Mirko
Markic
Abstract: The European Union has formulated a long-term strategy to dovetail
the policies for economically, socially and environmentally sustainable
development. Taking on challenges and seeking innovative solutions is a way
to assure the future. Therefore the organization has a vital interest in protecting
the environment and natural resources. The article focuses on product
responsibility as a part of sustainable development. Integrated products
responsibility integrates the requirements of sustainable development and
environmental management. Product responsibility begins with development of
products that are environmental friendly with continual improvement cycle and
with processes innovations, even after their use, create th smallest possible
environmental load.
Keywords: innovation,
environment, management, product responsibility, sustainable development
Title of the Paper: Sustainability of
Biomass Energy Sources – Measurement and Regional Comparison
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Authors: Stefan Koenig, Juergen
Sachau
Abstract: Within this paper the authors are aiming to provide planning
authorities, investment groups as well as policy authorities with a new
method for geographical planning of renewable biomass energy systems. The key
element of this work is based on the differentiation of biomass resources in
consideration of their sustainability. Due to measure this sustainable
character, different indicators have to be used. We propose a method where we
cluster these indicators in diverse parameters and operational level
according to the core aspects of sustainability. By the usage of different
statistics, interviews and studies the various biomass resources can be given
an individual value. We have elaborated a strategy to calculate an index for
each biomass resource for comparison reasons. By using this index, entitled
as Sustainable Biomass Index SBI, we offer the possibility to compare the
biomass within a defined region in order to identify the most sustainable biomass
for an energetic use.
Keywords: Biomass and
Bio-energy, Sustainable Development, Biomass Energy Systems, Sustainability
Measurement
Title of the Paper: Evaluating
Ecological Preservative Management in a Mountainous Maoli site of Taiwan by
Multi-Stage Decision and FAHP
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Authors: Kuei-Yang Wu, Wann-Ming Wey,
Wen-Zer Lin
Abstract: The paper presents a fuzzy analytic hierarchy (FAHP) and multi-stage
objective model for optimal ecological preservative management, which
determines the decision sequences that jointly maximize economic, ecological
and social objectives, respects prescribed constraints and imprecision, and
takes the ecological preservative management system from its existing status
to the goal state. The cumulative impacts of objectives are formulated on the
basis of attributes as a sum over all products of their membership functions
and their relative importance (weights). A case study involving the
ecological preservative management in Tatung community in
Maoli, Taiwan,
is used to demonstrate the application of the presented model. The problem in
that community is presented in a form of a network, and the optimal policy
over three year periods is determined using the iteration method for the
solution of sequential decision processes of Bellman’s type. The results show
that the optimal decision sequences over the period mentioned above consist
of the biological diversity oriented decision in the first and second years,
and consider environmental loading oriented decision in the third year. In
order to solve this problem, several decision support systems and models were
developed.
Keywords: FAHP,
Ecological preservation, Multi-stage objectives model, Optimal policy,
Network.
Title of the Paper: Considerations on
Recyclable Materials Mechanical Engineering for Sustainable Development
Concept in Oltenia Region
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Authors: Adrian Rosca, Daniela Rosca
Abstract: The paper present general issues and current state concerning the
environment in Romania
and the Sectorial Operational Programme for Environment. There are presented
collaborative and interdisciplinary universitary mechanical engineering
research activities to assist government agencies, local and regional
communities and industrial companies for better implementation of recyclable
materials concept to meet the continuous changing needs of the environmental
engineering goals for regional sustainable development.
Keywords: Mechanical and
environmental engineering, Recyclable materials, Sustainable development
Title of the Paper: Risk
Assessment for Redevelopment of Contaminated Land at an Old Industrial Site
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Authors: D. F. Vendas, C. N.
Costa, M. G. Brito
Abstract: This paper presents an integrated two phased methodology for the
evaluation and mapping of potential human health risk areas at contaminated
sites. In a first step, a human health risk index is calculated for each
sample location based on exposure pathways and land use scenarios. In a
second step, human health risk maps are obtained by the estimation of local
index values using geostatistical models. Spatial estimation of human health
risk allowed, on one hand, the identification of most dangerous areas inside
the contaminated site and, on the other hand, the quantification of
respective polluted media, subject to further remediation. The methodology
was applied to an old industrial site, located near Lisbon,
on the left margin of the Tagus
River (Barreiro - Portugal).
The priority area, with an extension of about 30 ha, has been scenario of
several chemical industries over the last one hundred years. Nowadays, the
area is almost deactivated and designated for urban redevelopment.
Keywords: Ground
contamination, risk assessment, remediation, geostatistics, indicator
kriging, heavy metals
Title of the Paper: Comparison between
Sub-pixel Classifications of MODIS images: Linear Mixture Model and Neural
Network Model
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Authors: Hasan Roosta, Rahmatolah
Farhudi, Mohamad Ebrahim Afifi
Abstract: This study employs sub-pixel classification methods to estimate
crop acreage using low resolution satellite images. Linear mixture and Neural
Network Methods examined the relationship between the value of Normalized
Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in the context of Iran and crop
acreage that reported by administrative office. The Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) offers a unique combination of spectral,
temporal, and spatial resolution compared to previous global sensors, making
it a good candidate for large-scale crop type mapping. However, because of
sub-pixel heterogeneity, the application of traditional hard classification
approach to MODIS may result in significant errors in crop area estimation.
Fars province in south of Iran
was selected as test zone, because of the cover type of the large majority of
agricultural fields. Neural network model and Linear Mixture model were
investigated and result in area fraction images (AFIs). The AFIs contain for
each 250 m
pixel the estimated area proportions occupied by the different cover types
(crops or other land use). The algorithm was trained with both of reference
data and in situ data which collected by GPS in Marvdasht District. For the
major classes (winter wheat, maize and other crops) the obtained acreage
estimates showed good agreement with the true values (NNR2990% and
LMMR2985%). These methods seem attractive for wide-scale, regional area
estimation in the countries that appropriate data are not available.
Keywords: Mixed pixel;
neural network; Linear Mixture Model; Area fraction images; land cover; MODIS
time series.
Title of the Paper: Use of Fuel Cells
on a Land Vehicle and its Modelling with CAD System
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Authors: Lucia Fabiano, Gaetano Florio,
Petronilla Fragiacomo
Abstract: The attainment of rational energy use can be obtained by using a
co-generation system, which is a system able to produce thermal and electric
power at the same time, or better through a trigenerative system able to
produce the necessary cooling energy to air conditioning from "waste"
thermal energy. If a system of electrical energy production gives consistent
quality and quantity of thermal energy as a by-product, it is always
convenient beyond that useful to recover it. In this way, both a higher
efficiency of the whole system and an obvious reduction of the polluting
emissions (otherwise produced if the thermal energy rate is generated in a
separate manner) are obtained. Among the energy production systems that have
the characteristic of “trigenerate” in addition to the production of primary
energy in the shape of mechanical or electrical energy, fuel cells in tandem
with heat pumps are undoubtedly among the more innovative energetic systems,
in terms of energetic sustainability or environmental sustainability. These
innovative fuel cell systems are the object of study of both research bodies
and automotive constructors as an alternative to traditional internal
combustion engines. In this paper, the analysis of these fuel cell systems,
working in the propulsion and in the trigenerative order, in the low-power
field is carried out, in terms of some significant parameters based on the
use of the fuel, on its electric power conversion performance and above all
on the environmental impact of the considered system. Then the determination
of the said system is achieved in an application to a real case relative to
land traction. Finally, through CAD modelling, the feasibility of rationally
positioning the two energetic systems, the propulsive and the trigenerative
ones, inside the vehicle, is highlighted.
Keywords: Environmental
Sustainability, Energetic Sustainability, Fuel Cell, Trigeneration, Hybrid
propulsion system, CAD system.
Issue 3, Volume 4,
March 2008
Title of the Paper: Simulated Studies
of Water Vapour Tomography
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Authors: Peep Miidla, Kalev Rannat,
Peep Uba
Abstract: The technical success and availability of numerical algorithms have
promoted the implementation of tomography to atmospheric sciences. The
principal specific character in initial constraints, data collection and
assimilation methods, obtaining the final numerical results and
interpretation of these makes the continuation of the success story for
GPS-tomography very challenging. Numerical simulation is the most time- and
money efficient way to study different processes connected with tropospheric
water vapour tomography. This paper gives a short overview of some mathematical
methods for detection, monitoring and modeling of tropospheric water vapour.
The possible mathematical approach to constructing a virtual ground-based
sensors (GPS-receivers) network for a real geographical location and
discretisation of the troposphere, also some aspects of raw data filtering
and analysis are described. The outcome of tomographical modeling of the
troposphere might to be applied to improve the results of large scale
numerical weather prediction models. The questions of voxel geometry and methods
of data processing are expected to be key questions in constructing an
effective GPS-receiver network for water vapour tomography.
Keywords: Global
Satellite Navigation System, Troposphere water vapour, GPS-tomography, Kalman
filter.
Title of the Paper: Sustainable Forest
Management Practices and Environmental Protection in Malaysia
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Authors: Kamaruzaman
Jusoff, Dato' HJ. Dahlan HJ. Taha
Abstract: Malaysia
has large tracts of forest which have been converted to give way to
settlements and agricultural and industrial areas. Despite logging is still
being carried out annually, Malaysia can still boast to be able to maintain
and protect the environment through vast areas of forested land as Permanent
Reserved Forest which account about 14.39 million ha or 43.8% of its total
land area at the end of 2006. At the same time forestry sector’s share of GDP
is 1.10% in 2006, and has contributed significantly to the economic growth
and development of Malaysia
through foreign exchange, employment opportunities, industrial development
and revenue to the State Governments. How does Malaysia achieve this? The answer
is through Sustainable Forest Resource Management (SFM). SFM involves not
only the continuous functions and services provided by forest but also about
meeting the global concerns and expectations in managing the forest with
greater emphasis on environmental protection and conservation of biological
diversity. Subsequently forest certification was introduced as market
incentive to improve the quality of forest management including protection of
environment. In this connection, Malaysian Criteria and Indicators were also
formulated to enhance social and environment aspects; compliance of the
activities will be rewarded with certificate. To date, 8 timber producing
states in Peninsular Malaysia have been awarded the certificate by Malaysian
Timber Certification Council after being assessed by independent assessors.
Issuance of forest management certification manifested itself our commitment
towards sustainable forest management through the three pillars viz,
economically viable, socially well-aware and environmentally sound. Thus, the
practice of SFM by Forestry
Department Malaysia
has proven that in managing the forest resource we are also able to protect
the environment.
Keywords: Sustainable
forest management, Tropical forest resources, Environmental protection, Forest certification, Forest harvesting
Title of the Paper: Daylighting and
Energy Savings with Tubular Light Guides
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Authors: Jitka Mohelnikova
Abstract: Energy savings are actual tasks in many technical branches
including the building industry. Buildings have to be design for low energy
consumption. Energy savings in buildings can be achieved by reduction of
energy consumption for heating, ventilation and artificial lighting. The
design of buildings with respect of solar radiation and daylighting gives
possibility for energy efficient buildings. Saving of electric energy for
permanent artificial lighting is important technical problem in internal
parts in buildings without daylighting. Modern technologies have brought
possibility to solve these problems. Tubular light guides are systems which
serve for natural illumination of internal windowless parts of buildings.
Their function is based on the principle of light transport from outdoor to
distant indoor places due to multi-reflections on their high reflective
internal surfaces. Advantage of these systems is in the possibility of
dynamic daylighting in internal parts of buildings and electric energy
savings for artificial lighting. Evaluation of indoor daylighting from a
reference tubular light guide was completed. Light guides of different
diameters and different light efficiency were compared with sources of
artificial light. Energy saving for light guides of different efficiency was
estimated.
Keywords: Energy savings,
Solar radiation, Solar energy, Daylighting, Light guides, Indoor climate.
Title of the Paper: The Evaluation Of
Performances Of Installations By Power Plants From Romania Concerning Professional
Risks
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Authors: Alice Raducanu, Aurica
Suvergel, Angela Stanca, Aurelia Meghea
Abstract: A number of workplaces where the employees work under noxes
environment exist within the thermal power plants. The infliction of the
working environment has more or less detrimental effect upon the personnel
exposed depending on the existing noxes toxicity, the concentration, exposure
duration, and constitution of the subjects exposed. At present, a number of
specific measures have been taken in the power generation sector in order to
limit or eliminate the noxes, with a view to prevent the employees to fall
ill, however these measures gave not the expected efficiency. Identification
of the places with a high noxes level and the preparing of the
technical-organisational solutions for the improvement of the physical and
chemical noxes exhaustion and elimination, including also the impact of their
application financial costs represent all factors of major importance for
lining up the occupational noxes levels with the national and European
standards. This paper describes the evaluation of a real situation by help of
the modern methodologies for the identification and monitoring of the
physical and chemical noxes from two Romanian thermal power plants, the
analysis of the health condition for the employees exposed to such physical
and chemical noxes and it establishes, in the end, the risks of the
occupational exposure. Further on, the main technical solutions for the
diminishing of the occupational noxes at the workplaces from the thermal
power plants are described. These solutions consist of various types of
phono-isolating and phonoabsorbing cabins intended for the reduction of the
noise level; ventilation systems of the honeycomb type, modern niches made of
corrosion resistant materials for the reduction of the chemical noxes, use of
the nonasbestos sealing materials. Through the implementation of the
technical solutions for the attenuation of the occupational noxes a major
desiderata is provided for lining up with the Regulations of the European
Community concerning the increase of the life quality in the workplaces from
the energy industry.
Keywords: modern
technical solutions, diminish, occupational noxes, workplaces
Title of the Paper: Energy and Exergy
Efficiencies in Urban Electric Transportation Systems
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Authors: Cornelia Aida Bulucea, Doru Adrian
Nicola,Constantin Brandusa, Daniel Cristian Cismaru, Andreea Brandusa
Abstract: This paper aimed at examining an underground railway train as a
system where different energy forms occur, so that the successive energy
conversion chain is emphasized and the energy and exergy efficiencies,
respectively, are compared. The study case presented in the paper emphasized
the operation of the static converters and the traction induction motors as
an assembly, both in the traction regime and in the electric brake regime,
for different urban underground metro trains produced by Craiova
Electroputere Factory for Bucharest Underground Trasportation System. In this
application, the exergy analysis can help improve and optimize the
underground transportation system design and operation.
Keywords: Electric
transportation, energy, environment, exergy, induction motor, static
converters, underground train
Title of the Paper: Impact Evaluation
of Electrical Equipments on Human Health
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Authors: Alice Raducanu, Aurica
Suvergel, Angela Stanca, Marin Stefan, Cornelia Marcolt, Corneliu Neagu
Abstract: The complex character of the issues the scientific community is confronted
with at present includes, besides chemical pollution, exposure to
electromagnetic fields of different intensities and frequencies. If chemical
pollution has made the object of numerous studies with actual results, the
effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields are not as well-known. The
present study aims at investigating the effects of the electromagnetic fields
on the health of the personnel exposed to this type of noxe. In order to
evaluate the health state of the personnel exposed to the possible influences
of the electromagnetic fileds generated within these stations on the
homeostasy of the human body, a medical investigation protocol, including
clinical, neuropsychological, functional investigations, laboratory exams of
the biological products (blood, urine), has been devised for establishing the
hematological and biochemical constants.The present study also determies the
levels of the melatonin neurohormone synthesis and secretion through the
ELISA method. This has also represented a major difficulty in establishing a
harvesting protocol enabling us to register the variable, physiological
concentrations of the hormone, its metabolism, respectively, as accurately as
possible. The harvesting protocol is new and unique in this field. As it is
difficult to be carried out at the site, the harvesting protocol has been
apllied in the clinic, with the subjects admitted to the clinic. The protocol
presupposes the harvesting of a urine spot for each urination over 48 hours.
This procedure has allowed us to notice the circadian variations and the
possible influence of the electromagnetic fileds due to the fact that some of
the subjects that have been admitted during the two day perio of time have
worked at least one shift.The results obtained and presented in this study
are partially confirmed by other similar studies. In the course of time, the
initial functional disorders of the melatonin circadian secretion rhythm have
been followed by circulating concentration diminishing, and, after this, by
the imbalance in the human body mechanisms protecting it against the free
radicals.This effect could be compensated by increasing the intake of natural
antioxidants such as food (vegetal) rich in carotenoids.Considering the
experimental results obtained and corroborating them with the results at the
international level, the research could be continued over a new period of
time on the same subjects, in the same substations.
Keywords: electric and
magnetic field, melatonin neurohormone, circadian secretion rhythm
Title of the Paper: Energy
Efficiency Assessment of an Aeolic Plant Installation in the Livorno Harbour:
A Wind Turbine Performance Comparison based on Meteorological Model
Estimations
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Authors: C. Busillo, F. Calastrini, G.
Gualtieri, B. Gozzini
Abstract: Exploiting wind resource is a good alternative in spite of using
traditional not renewable and polluting energy sources. However, besides
landscape restrictions and administrative practice complexity, it is
generally hard to locate a site eligible for aeolic exploitation as well as
to assess its related wind resource. As a matter of fact, an expensive wind
measuring campaign should be carried out for that, through at least one year
long period, at the height aeolic plants typically work (60 to 80 m), or to vertically
extrapolate data collected by a 10-m anemometer. The present paper is the
sequel of one previously carried out, which proved the use of meteorological
model wind estimations to provide aeolic efficiency performances being
comparable with those based on experimental data. In particular, the WRF-NMM
prognostic meteorological model has been used to calculate wind estimations,
which actually are part of a meteorological archive which was developed at
LaMMA laboratory starting from numerical elaborations provided by the weather
forecasting service. A sample application was performed through the
installation of an aeolic plant in the industrial harbour
of Livorno, Italy. After
the wind resource pattern has been analysed by using typical distributions
and statistical indicators, a site energy efficiency assessment has been
carried out by comparing three different kind of wind turbines basing on
rated power: the sizes of 1300, 2000 and 3000 KW have been taken into
account. In particular, the comparison has been made between NORDEX N60,
ENERCON E82 and ECOTÈCNIA 100 wind turbines.
Keywords: Wind resource,
Energy efficiency, Aeolic plant, Meteorological model, WRF-NMM, Livorno, wind turbine comparison.
Title of the Paper: Fuzzy Comprehensive
Assessment of Typhoon Flood
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Authors: Heng-Yi Liao, Te-Hsing Chang,
An-Pei Wang, Bo-Wen Cheng
Abstract: To reserve more volumes or to retain more water while flood is
expected is always a dilemma for reservoir operators. The former
consideration may land us in a trouble of drought if the flood is
unanticipated small; however, the latter consideration may cause great
downstream damage if the flood is unanticipated big. To make operation
decision, four decision factors of typhoons are considered, and the comprehensive
influences of each factor are analyzed by using fuzzy comprehensive
assessment (FCA) method. Typhoon distance, path, intensity, and environmental
condition at that time are the four decision factors. Instead of experiential
judgments, fuzzy membership functions of each factor are actually calculated
according to historical statistics. The concept of “flood storage grade”
which discussed the “F-flood storage” is used to judge the initial operation
water level of a reservoir before the flood. The way how fuzzy comprehensive
assessment forecast upcoming floods is shown, and a real typhoon case, Aere,
is taken as an example to demonstrate FCA of typhoon flood in this paper.
Also, rainfalls of upcoming typhoon are forecasted form the proposed method.
The final results are satisfactory, and it found that this FCA method is
appropriate for typhoon assessment.
Keywords: Typhoon flood,
Flood control, Fuzzy comprehensive assessment, Flood storage, Rainfall
forecast, Reservoir operation
Title of the Paper: Application
of an Intergrated Dynamic Model in Water Resources Carrying Capacity Study of
Zhangye in China
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Authors: Yizhong Zhu
Abstract: The water resources carrying capacity (WRCC) study is intended to
assess the scale of economy and population that local water resources can
sustain in a certain region. The fundamental purposes of the WRCC study are
to forecast the basic development path and direction of the
water–ecoenvironment–socioeconomic system and to identify the key factors to
promote its healthy development. Taking Zhangye district in northwest China
as a case, an integrated dynamic WRCC assessment model is established based
on the core model of multicriteria decision analysis and other sectoral
models, including extended input-output model, land resources spatial
distribution model, virtual water assessment model, WRCC comprehensive
evaluation modle etc. This model provides an integrated framework for the
comprehensive study of such issues as water resources development, land use,
virtual water trade and socioeconomic development. Different scenarios
established by different policy elements, including industrial structure
adjustment, watersaving technology improvement, implementation of a “water
reallocation” scheme, and virtual water trade strategy, are applied to
analyse the WRCC of Zhangye.The study indicates that provided the “water
reallocation” scheme and the necessary environment protection measures are
implemented, the WRCC of Zhangye can support continuing economic development
with an annual average GDP growth rate around 7%, and at same time, its
population can continue to enjoy a “fairly comfortable” living standard
according to agricultural products consumption criteria during 2000-2020 if
the industrial structure adjustment and water-saving technology improvements
could be achieved. The study not only assess the scale of population and
economic development, but also adopts a new perspective of virtual water
trade to examine WRCC in an open system. In addition, it provides
corresponding socioeconomic distribution and spatial land use patterns and
makes WRCC assessment results more practical.
Keywords: Water resources
carrying capacity, Water–ecoenvironment–socioeconomic system, Integrated
dynamic model, Multicriteria scenario analysis, Extended input-output
analysis, Virtural water trade strategy, WRCC comprehensive evaluation
Issue 4, Volume 4,
April 2008
Title of the Paper: Time Factor in
Microwave-enhanced Biodiesel Production
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Authors: A.A. Refaat, S. T. El Sheltawy
Abstract: Cooperative global efforts are held to confront climate change
threats by measures aiming at the stabilization of greenhouse gas
concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system. Biodiesel is a renewable,
energy efficient, substitution fuel which reduces net carbon dioxide
emissions. By running on biodiesel, vehicles can help reduce GHGs and
polluting emissions even more, without impairing their performance or
reducing their energy efficiency. Biodiesel production is worthy of continued
study and optimization of production procedures due to its environmentally
beneficial attributes and renewable nature. While the transesterification
process for production of biodiesel is well established, there remain
considerable inefficiencies in existing transesterification processes.
Application of radio frequency microwave energy offers a fast, easy route to
this valuable biofuel with advantages of enhancing the reaction rate and
improving the separation process. The methodology allows for the use of high
FFA content feedstock, including used cooking oil; hence it helps to reduce
the cost of production which constitutes a major hurdle towards widespread
commercialization of biodiesel. This study showed that the optimum reaction
time for microwave-enhanced biodiesel production should be highly respected.
Exceeding the optimum reaction time will lead to deterioration of both
biodiesel yield and purity.
Keywords: Biodiesel,
Vegetable Oil, Transesterification, Microwave, Bioenergy
Title of the Paper: An Evaluation Of
Sustainable Development Options: Example of “Kolubara”
Mining Basin
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Authors: Slavka Zekovic, Miodrag
Vujosevic
Abstract: The ‘’Kolubara’’ Basin faces a number of complex economic, social,
ecological and spatial problems, out of which some seriously hinder its
future development prospects. The past development pattern, being still
largely practiced, has resulted in a number of negative effects. On the other
hand, already reached development level, industrial culture and abundant
natural, human and other resources of the region, picture its future in a
brighter light. In order to get more reliable insights in the factors at work
and their impact, in this paper an ex ante evaluation of general development
options of the region is undertaken, by applying a combined approach and
method. The results of the analysis, however unequivocal, point to a general
conclusion – that the region may embark upon a new mode of development, e.g.,
that of the sustainability paradigm, provided a number of steps are timely
undertaken to remove at least some negative effects of the past development,
and to diminish the impact of negative existing factors. Also, considerable
support would be needed on the part of the Republican level, as the local
(regional) actors, acting alone, would not be able to make best use of the
‘’territorial capital’’ of this region. This in the first place pertains to
the necessary institutional and organizational adjustments of the current
planning system and practice, which are highly incompatible to the needs of a
more strategic development management approach.
Keywords: ex ante
evaluation of sustainable development options, a combined approach and
method, lignite coal basin, assessment of ‘’territorial capital’’,
environmental protection, restructuring, transition reforms, new strategic
development planning approach, institutional and organizational adjustments
Title of the Paper: Analysis
of Environmental Emissions and Greenhouse Gases in Islamic Republic of Iran
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Authors: Akram Avami, Bahare
Farahmandpour
Abstract: Concerns about energy consumption and consequential environmental
impact in Iran
has been raised in recent years. Iran's total emissions in 2006
includes 413.23 million tons of carbon dioxide, 2.18 million tons of carbon
monoxide, 2.5 million tons of NOx, 0.75 million tons of SO2, 2.26 million
tons of residual hydrocarbons, 0.59 million tons of aldehydes and 0.32
million tons of dusts. The present paper will study the energy consumption
and various types of emissions in consumption sectors in Iran. Through
analyzing the trends, it will identify technological bottlenecks and
improvement opportunities in order to decrease environmental impacts
associated with energy consumption. Introducing natural gas is the leading
opportunity of Iranian energy infrastructure. In contrast, the following
problems were identified and some solutions are proposed in this study. These
challenges include transportation sector from technological point of view;
low standard of different fuels such as gasoline, fuel oil and gas oil; Low
price of fuels; lack of logical pattern to guide the consumption sectors and
low efficiency of conversion equipment.
Keywords: Environment,
energy, household, transportation, industry, Iran
Title of the Paper: Zero
Emissions Systems in Food Processing Industry
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Authors: Uyen Nguyen Ngoc, Hans Schnitzer
Abstract: The food processing industry is part of an interlinked group of
sectors. It plays an important role in the economic development of every
country. However, a strongly growing food processing industry greatly
magnifies the problems of waste management, pushing the management of waste
(solid, gas and liquid) as well as pollution to the forefront of
environmental challenges. While concepts to minimize, reuse and recycle
wastes proposed have not solved thoroughly the negative effects on
environment and human population, zero emissions concepts have arisen. It
implies the optimization through an integrated system of processes and
requires the industries to redesign manufacturing processes to efficiently
use both raw material within the process and waste towards the aim of
sustainability. It means that utilization of waste can be brought to at
sustainable levels in closed loop processes, bearing the phenomenon of the
industrial metabolism. This paper starts with an outlook on zero emissions
systems and continues with principals of these concepts. Following this, a
zero emissions agricultural industrial system (AIZES) for the food processing
industry will be displayed, emphasizing on the utilization of all by products
as process inputs in anaerobic digestion processes. The model permits an
identification of opportunities for reducing environmental impact at process
level and driving the system toward sustainability through zero emissions
concepts. A case study, focusing on the Pineapple processing industry, will
be used to illustrate the application of the aggregated material input-output
model. The case study will also represent energy and material balances,
inputs and outputs, calculations on the economic feasibility of AIZES as well
as discussions of case study. The research can lay out a promising path to adapt
to environmentally friendly issues through alternative use of fossil fuels,
chemical fertilizers, zero emissions and reducing Greenhouse Effect gases.
Keywords: Energy, zero
emissions, waste, food industry, pineapple.
Title of the Paper: A Study of Open
Boundary Conditions for Far Field Tsunami Computation
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Authors: MD. Fazlul Karim, GD. Roy,
Ahmad Izani M Ismail
Abstract: The lethal Indian Ocean tsunami of
December 26, 2004 hit the southeast and south-Asian and east African
countries causing devastation of undescribable properties. The wave reached
the coast of Africa with considerable
intensity traveling ~ 4500
km from the epicenter. The purpose of this study is to
compute the effect of initial wave associated with a far field tsunami source
in a region of interest within a limited area model. In order to simulate the
far field tsunami, four model domains have been considered: these are the
original domain (OD) which is same as Roy et al. (2006) and three extended
domains ED(1), ED(2) and ED(3) obtained by extending the west boundary of OD
through 1100, 1500 and 4500
km respectively. The source of Indonesian tsunami 2004
is shifted to each of the extended domains to compute its response along the
western open boundary of OD. Using these data, the open boundary condition of
Roy et al. (2006) is applied along the western boundary of OD for generating
response along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia
and Thailand
in absence of any source. It is found that by proper choice of the amplitude
and scale factors associated with the boundary condition, it is possible to
generate similar response of a far field tsunami source with reasonable
accuracy.
Keywords: Open boundary
condition; Shallow water model; Far field tsunami; Indonesian tsunami 2004;
Tsunami propagation and surge; damping amplitude.
Title of the Paper: Mathematical
Model of Pollution Compounds Calculus in Function of Traffic Capacity from
Urban Areas
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Authors: Stelian Tarulescu, Radu
Tarulescu, Adrian Soica
Abstract: The Brasov city is one of the biggest towns in Romania. In
the central area of the Brasov
city can be found the biggest concentration of the carbon monoxide, nitrogen
oxides, the ozone and the volatile organic compounds. For intersection’s
analysis there were collected data about the road traffic and data about the
chemical pollution in the neighborhood of the road. In order to realize the
model there were made tables with the traffic values and the values of the
three pollutants, in function of the intersections of the analyzed route. For
calculus were used the equations corresponding to the determined polynomial
curves, for each pollutant, using the values obtained experimentally. The
working page of the mathematical model was made grouping the four analyzed
situations.
Keywords: Chemical,
pollution, traffic, mathematical, model, etalon vehicle
Title of the Paper: Role of Yarn
Hairiness in Knitting Process and its Impact on Knitting Room’s Environment
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Authors: N. Bhowmick, S. Ghosh
Abstract: Cotton fibre fly generated in knitting process due to interactions
of frictional surfaces with the hairiness of ring spun yarn. This fibre fly
creates a serious indoor pollution. The working personnel suffer from acute
and chronic respiratory problem after inhaling cotton dust particles and
fibre fly. Experimental results show that most of the fibre fly are shorter
in nature compared to virgin cottons. The knitting performance is badly
affected by its deposition at different places and responsible to produce
poor quality fabric. The mechanical means to remove fibre fly from indoor
atmosphere do not provide any cost- effective way to control it. Search for
an alternative solution to control the fibre shedding problem, researchers
have found the level of yarn hairiness is one of the major contributors
amongst other parameters. However, our study shows the length distribution of
protruding hairs from yarn surface is directly responsible to shed fly in
knitting process mainly in cone unwinding zone.
Keywords: Fibre fly,
Cotton dust, Bysinosis, Ring -spun yarn, Knitting.
Title of the Paper: A New Approach For
Predicting Solar Radiation In Tropical Environment Using Satellite Images –
Case Study Of Malaysia
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Authors: Ayu Wazira Azhari,
Kamaruzzaman Sopian, Azami Zaharim, Mohamad Al Ghoul
Abstract: Satellite images have been indentified as an alternative and
accurate method for predicting average annual daily solar radiation of a
specific location. These images can be use to predict the performance and
sizing of various solar energy systems such as solar thermal and photovoltaic
applications. The data from satellite images are used and compared with the
actual readings from solar instruments. The results are then used to estimate
solar intensity for other places where solar instrument is not available. Malaysia lies
entirely in the equatorial region. The tropical environment has been
characterized by heavy rainfall, constantly high temperature and relative
humidity. The annual average daily solar irradiations for Malaysia were
from 4.21 kWh/m2 to 5.56 kWh/m2. The highest solar radiation was estimated at
6.8 kWh/m2 in August and November while the lowest was 0.61 kWh/m2 in
December. The Northern region and a few places in East
Malaysia have the highest potential for solar energy application
due to its high solar radiation throughout the year.
Keywords: Solar radiation
modeling, solar radiation mapping, satellite images, renewable energy, solar
energy.
Title of the Paper: Health Care Waste
Management
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Authors: Davorin Kralj, Marko
Stamenkovic
Abstract: Health services have an exceptional role in the spheres of
preventive medicine and public health promotion, in the sense of keeping a
favorable balance between costs and benefits. Health care waste management
(HCWM) is a process to help ensure proper hospital hygiene and safety of
health care workers and communities. Collecting, transporting, processing and
disposing waste material is known as waste management. Poor management of HCW
exposes healthcare workers, waste handlers and the community to infections,
toxic effects and injuries.
Keywords: health care,
environment, management, waste treatment, quality
Issue 5, Volume 4,
May 2008
Title of the Paper: Recycling and
Environmental Waste Management in Constructions
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Authors: Davorin Kralj
Abstract: The article focuses on a recycling and on the issue of importance
of environmental management in constructions. Construction Waste Management
is a part of a growing movement toward a sustainable world. Recycling and
reuse of materials have long been associated with wise construction practices
. Recycling, reusing, and salvaging construction waste can save money. The
role of the manager of construction systems is to direct to and guarantee
reduced pollution and also to prevent the negative effects of the
environmental pollution. Method shows great possibilities for increasing use
of construction waste materials from lightweight concrete with aggregates
containing expanded glass in order to benefit from better use of available
capacity of existing construction waste.
Keywords: constructions,
environment, waste, management, recycling.
Title of the Paper: Sustainable
Management and Business Excellence in Dravske Elektrarne Maribor
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Authors: Davorin Kralj, Marjan
Smon
Abstract: Hydropower is a major renewable energy resource that can play an
increasingly important role in enabling communities around the world to meet
sustainability objectives. The International Hydropower Association has
produced Sustainability Guidelines to promote greater consideration of
environmental, social and economic aspects in the sustainability assessment
of new hydro projects.The role and significance of sustainable management, as
a part of business excellence, becoming ever more important in the future.
The increasingly limited environment resources demand managers of
organisational systems to perform alternative measures in managing
organisational systems. On e of the techniques being developed for this
purpose is Business Excellence Model. The article focuses on Sustainable Management
as a part of Business Excellence of Dravske Elektrarne Maribor (DEM).
Keywords: business
excellence, environment, hydropower, management, sustainable management.
Title of the Paper: Building Materials
Reuse and Recycle
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Authors: Davorin Kralj, Mirko
Markic
Abstract: The building industry has not only become a major consumer of
materials; it ha salso become a source of polluttion.. Environmental
integrated production and reusing and recycling is of great importance for
the competitev position in EU Member States. EU Member States shall ensure
that the technical, environmental and economic feasibility of alternative
systems is considered and is taken into account before construction starts .
The article focuses on Reuse Building Materials as a way for environment
protection and sustainable development. Integrated environmental management
integrates the requirements of sustainable development and LCA. There are
many methods used to reduce waste and increase profits through salvage,
reuse, and the recycling of construction waste. Sustainable development as a
tool to continual improvement cycle and with processes innovation the need to
save money in the processes via reduced resources and utility costs. This
article demonstrates that alternatives to modern building materials are
available.
Keywords: environment,
management, reuse, salvage, sustainable development
Title of the Paper: Global Marketing and
Environmental Excellence
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Authors: Davorin Kralj, Mirko
Markic
Abstract: Environmental issues have become an important element in the management
of both private and public organizations. The Global Compact’s environment
principles are derived from the Rio Declaration on Environment and
Development. The process of market globalization has lead to many changes.
The global economic system needs to show a more human and environment
friendly face. Companies must ensure that their traditional focus on
corporate profits and shareholder value is accompanied by equal concern for
the needs of society and the environment. The article focuses on environmental
excellence as a part of global marketing. Integrated marketing management
integrates the requirements of sustainable development and environmental
excellence. Sustainable development as a tool to continual improvement cycle
and with processes innovation the need to save money in the processes via
reduced resources and utility costs.
Keywords: environmental
excellence, globalization, marketing, management, sustainable development
Title of the Paper: Environmental
Effects of Irregular Extracting of Gravel from River Beds
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Authors: Siamak Boudaghpour, Seyyed
Arman Hashemi Monfared
Abstract: Extracting gravel from river beds causes steep slopes and
waterfalls and can remove up stream sources of gravel, sand and river sides.
With these slopes local fishes become unable to lay eggs or turbulent flows
remove their sperms. This paper studies the problems due to gravel extracting
from river beds and changing ecosystem. Extracted gravel and sand are washed
and processed by the factories near the river and transported to the
consuming centers. Washed gravel and sand suspend fine sediments like clay
and slit in the river. These fine sediments settle in the river and make
impermeable layers in the bed and prevent seepage of surface water to
groundwater and increase the dangers of flooding and damaging to the adjacent
regions of the river and destroy the environment.
Keywords: Extract,
gravel, Snad, Environment, river, Fish
Title of the Paper: New Technique for
Evaluation of Crop Water Requirement
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Authors: H. V. Hajare, N. S. Raman and ER
Jayant Dharkar
Abstract: Knowledge of exact amount of water required by different crop in a
given set of climatological condition of a region is great help in planning
of irrigation scheme, irrigation scheduling, effective design and management
of irrigation system and also for mid term planning in case of mid season
drought therefore a case study was undertaken for determination of crop water
requirement. The main aim of study is to standardize the fortnightly crop
water requirement by introducing the concept of development of iso lines for
crop water requirement for the Nagpur
region. These iso lines will give directly crop water requirement at any
location in region as well as it is useful for well irrigation. This paper
has presented iso lines for wheat and sunflower only.
Keywords: Crop water
requirement, crop, reference evapotranspiration, Modifie |
